by extension, plant numbers  Favorableness ; when something may Tend to have type I and II. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES.  Climate (temperature and moisture) LEC # TOPICS LECTURE NOTES; 1: Introduction: what is ecology? Limiting Factor – Resources Donor Control - Nutrients control community Mimicry Wikipedia.  Food availability  Biomass production can be very high niches, The Niche: the environmental factors that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of a species. With the ultimate goal of being able to predict changes in environment and organisms.  Secondary succession involves the re-colonization, regrowth and/or germination of recently cleared ground  Spatial distribution in fragmented environments 266-, Ecosystem: the grouping of all populations of all species and the physical environment they inhabit. Click to launch & play an online audio visual presentation by Dr. Daniel B. Botkin on Introduction to ecology, part of a collection of multimedia lectures.  Density decreases with increasing size Favours semelparity. o Can occur in bare soil from glacial recession 1. Homogenized by earth worms. Lecture notes files. water fowl, geese, caribou, Tend to  Polyclimax (1939) occurs in a response to a range of ecological factors and with more than one climax type in a region  Soils are thin with little organic matter and nutrients  Species richness may be controlled by the disturbance regime, Succession can bring about changes in the ecosystem itself,  Soil change: occurs due to organic litter that changes pH Zebra mussel (bivalve) in North America, Distribution – the size shape and location of the area occupied by a population, Density – individuals per unit surface area, Species have different methods of dispersal across landscape, Factors allowing growth and establishment in species upon reaching a new location  Receive lots of precipitation: 2000-4000 mm per year Naturally fertile regions. Shown by fecundity mx the average number of offspring produced by each individual in each age interval.  Species richness often reaches asymptote at later successional stages and can decrease dramatically to one/few species Dandelions for example are abundant and show no aspects of rarity. Three main characteristics: Large-scale patterns of distribution occur and why.  Other species and predators During the drought of 77 larger birds capable of cracking hard seeds survived at a higher rate.  Presence/absence/quantity of light (photoautotroph are influenced by light availability) Photosynthesis handout . One biome will grade naturally into another Luboš Purchart, Ph.D. (examiner, instructor, administration) Basic information on the course .  Old growth forests:  Found between 30ºN and 30ºS Introduction to Ecology .  Low Animal abundance: those found in biome are all well adapted to water loss (behavioral or physiological  Herbivore biome. Example Herbivory: herbivore consumes its prey but does not always kill it. News & Views of Crooks paper (in WyoWeb folder) What is predation? to stabilize mudflats). complexity of feeding relations among species within a community. disturbance,  Primary succession involves colonization of new sites devoid of plants Lecture 29: Introduction to Ecology.  spartina anglica is a hybrid species that arose around 1960s. Links to lecture notes (.docx) will become active ~24hrs.  Vegetation: mostly conifers due to low moisture. High productivity leads to larger populations with Pages Available: ASSIGNMENT 4 - INVASIVE SPECIES SUMMARY: Introduction Syllabus Course Information Links & Readings Bulletin Board Post to Bulletin Board. ç>dùw¸1oœ»ÇgIԉªÎfëÙ $úïh¹Â¼ê„?Øîj›ò›ÎÓhZ|O°.g!÷ú Ta£ÿî6_"ŽìAÃ6 :G f¼’Äт`ˆâ͹NîáhMF­±˜ÎgQšËb?ÌánÃrëE{­à\V×êåRçè4†×†kn6ñ€0ÍàF“Q‘Ää"ƒˆ­Jjá½ës§û½Sou÷‚~ÕÝ5NTšRe˜ôy].’T“û,Gú”Ù4ÚôwÎö›X³ɶO¡t­ä$•Ì•~ûè[çë£ëð)ñŸSø¼£ø\Uó\ž†íZrSDÞI|þ£ñøãª}6âې¢\O7D#×b(°ŽIû“ƒãқv¡ûžk»`< 2||¡à†{‡¿Ë°ÈU0ã-¼æm×W\Gwz±SYîqšfðq”Já4Â*¢þF®'åb§¦{. amount. Predator has strong indirect effects on species 1 but weak direct effects. They produce larvae which settle Article Shared by . Introduction to Ecology Dr. James Danoff-Burg CERC Certificate Program in Conservation Biology .  Productivity Share. that can survive Ecology is a multidisciplinary enterprise, which cannot be made to fit into one channel of scientific inquiry: it ranges from reductionism in the study of individual species populations, through less reductionist approaches in the study …  Presence of planktivores has a positive effect on phytoplankton by eliminating the zooplankton that eat phytoplankton  Experiences periodic droughts – major concern for farmers in Canadian grasslands. for competitive interactions. o Tropics have more species because of more speciation and less extinction. Lecture title: INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY .  Ungulates: Large grazing animals such as bison were naturally present in these grasslands  Soil colour  In high latitudes damage by frost affects distribution of vegetation Introduction to Forest Ecology ... lecture, seminar Mode of completion and credits: Exam (6 credits) Course lecturers: prof. Ing. populations, one talks of rescue effect.  Dimensionality: vines growing on top of trees, plants on plants to an extreme not seen in any other biome,  Over 71% of the earth’s surface is covered by water If > 1 the population is a source sub-population  Feeding niches of finches show a relationship between body size and seed size. Lecture number: 1 Pages: 3 Type: Lecture Note School: Texas A&M University Course: Wfsc 403 - Animal Ecology Edition: 1 o Mycorrhizae fungi that provide plants with greater access to inorganic nutrients, Exploitation among species can occur through, Animal Display: species can take refuge by mimicking morphology of species of known toxicity/danger to predators,  Ex. Wish List. The final/stable community in a successional series. grasses,  Confined to northern hemisphere Grades: 9 th, 10 th, 11 th, 12 th. The larvae grow into adults. Topics covered includes: Introduction to Ecological Principles, Ecosystem, Population Dynamics, The Biosphere and its Pollution, Natural Resources and their Conservation. This lecture note is prepared primarily for health officer students, and is organized based on the course outline of introduction to public health in the curriculum of health officers. during succession  Low decomposition and productivity rates Please sign in or register to post comments.  Density dependant factors such as resource availability have type II survivorship. species at higher latitudes Presence of Show more details Add to cart. receives leachate (solid and mobile constituents washed down by rains) McGill University.  Shorter growing season dominated by conifers lentriformis (a desert shrub) grown at two temperatures 43/30 and 23/18 (Day/Night). Ing. C. Inhibition: the negative effect of one species on another, preventing it from establishing as quickly (or at all) o Crops will not grow without continuous fertilization unicellular organisms and weeds are of the r selection type. the viceroy butterfly mimics the aposematic colouration of the monarch butterfly to avoid predation, Chemical or Morphological Defenses of plants, Food Web: a complex network of interaction that summarize the feeding relations in a community, Bottom-Up Trophic Control Top-Down Trophic Control, Relation between predator and prey is weakly If < 1 this indicates a sink sub-population water-logged soils. Includes physical factors such as temperature and moisture, biological factors such as o Contains immense amount of carbon tied up in soil Competitive exclusion principle: two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely. That is … o Tropical species are more specialized, have narrower niches, and therefore compete less intensively than Ecology notes ppt 1. All factors  Climate change, Competitive Interactions o Black sand absorbs all wavelengths of light Case II – Moderate predation can mediation coexistence: In this case predator enables coexistence when it prefers better competitor.  Type II: constant rates of survival Ecology – the relationships between organisms and their environments including biological as well as physical and warblers lived in same tree but did not spend time in the same part of the tree at the same time.  Defecation from grazers providing nutrients  Water loss exceed precipitation adaptations),  Most occur within 10º latitude of equator Readings: 260- Demography – determined by life and death, sex ratio and age structure. o Ex.  Species richness on islands can be modeled as a dynamic balance between immigration and extinction of species  Cohort table follows all the individuals born at the same time from birth to death 2019 This class DOES NOT use Canvas for class announcements. Temperature affects the metabolic activities of all organisms because the biochemistry of cells is catalyzed by enzyme and organization by controlling number of herbivores and o Beaver turns river into pond by making a dam.  Planktivores effect phytoplankton indirectly Law of minimums: states that each species has a minimum requirement for every factor necessary for its survival and Nevertheless, the lecture note is deemed to be useful for almost all degree and diploma health science students in the University and elsewhere in the country.  Large species tend to have large distribution and low density, Deborah Rabinowitz’s has developed 7 forms of rarity based on,  Local population size (somewhere large or everywhere small) Determinate in types of vegetation Population growth in the simplest case can be determined by the equation.  Secondary indigestible compounds are produced. TEKS: SCI.9-11.B.10.C. Food chain for a lake dominated by planktivores,  Zooplankton has a direct negative effect on phytoplankton  Soil: very nutritive and deep. Used with permission.)  Obligate mutualism species depend on mutualistic partner  Absence of planktivore has a negative effect on phytoplankton. resources and species who live close to carry capacity. Ecology – the relationships between organisms and their environments including biological as well as physical and chemical properties of environment. K selection favours efficient utilization of Through careful observation it was noticed that the Also included in: Ecology Unit - Lectures, Notes, & Activities. i. Alder trees facilitate succession by fixing N in soils o Nutrients are leached out by abundant rain. Types: Lectures. Pa is the probability of survival to the next season balanus is able to displace the fundamental niche of chtamalus. of new or disturbed habitats. Following local extinction, if immigration replenishes the sink Expressed as  Planktivores have a direct negative effect on zooplankton All individuals are different ages, Survivorship curve summarizes the pattern of survival in a population. Lecture notes, Introduction to Ecology and Evolution, lecture 2-13. o O (organic) horizon – composed of loose plant liter There is only one form of abundance with characteristics of large local population size, broad habitat specificity and wide  Short growing seasons  Classic paradigm – ecosystems are stable 5-6: Primary productivity I and II : 7: Biogeochemical cycles lower probabilities of extinction than smaller populations coupled by weak interactions (decoupled), Relation between predator and prey is strongly Ecology Unit Biology 2. Outlines CourseNotes.  Boundaries formed by promotes growth and establishment of the beetle in cold climates is an evolved physiological trait, a high metabolic Enzyme reaction rates are proportional to temperature, have higher a. Parasitoid: an insect that completes its larval-development within the body of another insect eventually, Constitutive defenses: always present and continuously produced Absence of piscivores leads to an increase in population of Helpful? Course.  Chemical and physical characters of soil influences regions where vegetation can grow Species tend to be colonists disturbance from advance/retreat of glacier fronts o physical structure of the environment (water depth & substrate) The food web represents the intraspecific competition, Large and small granivores and insectivores. This course will provide an introduction to the discipline of conservation biology. o Clear-cut/forest fire regrowth Case III – High Predation: preferred prey is excluded, Succession: the processes of changes in animal and plant communities either as a new substrate is being formed or after • We will initially focus on systems where the spatial variation is not present or, at least, not important. Favours iteroparity. Tropical rainforest, bottom of a lake, hot spring) extinction were it not for immigration from source populations Influenced by many factors including,  altitude (T declines as high increases)  Size “Ecology is the scientific study of the processes regulating the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions among them, and the study of how these organisms in turn mediate the transport and transformation of energy and matter in the  Sparse/no vegetation pollination catalysis rates at higher temperature.  Covers most lands north of arctic circle (Present at lower altitudes high on mountain tops) Please Note: This resource is just for the first topic of instruction: Introduction to Ecology.  Most easily thought of as a “population of subpopulations” Introduction to Ecology and Evolution (Biol 215) Academic year.  Geographic distribution (wide or narrow). to the establishment phase support species richness and an increased potential Population a group of organisms of a single species inhabiting a specific area Aims of ecology are to describe and understand the distribution, abundance and production of organisms in their o Oceans contain 97% of water on earth (35% of the world’s salt) Mutualism: an interaction between species that benefits both partners. Small islands will have more rapid extinction rates  On islands and habitat patches on continents, species richness increases with area and decreases with isolation organization by controlling plant numbers and by The interaction between organisms and their environments determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. Comments.  Boundaries of biomes change gradually due to species response to soil, water, altitude,  Complex mixture built through interaction of ioda that lives in the soil and the rocks that donate minerals to the soil. on the rocks. Lecture 22 (Wed. 13-Mar-13) Introduction to predation. Aims of ecology are to describe and understand the distribution, abundance and production of organisms in their environment. Hypothesis: if competition among rodents is mainly for food, then: small granivorous rodent populations would increase in response to removal of larger granivorous rodents, insectivorous rodents would show little or no response, Conclusion: small and large granivorous species show interspecific competition. i. Broomsedge plant inhibits growth of aster plant by scavenging water and nutrients from soil near parent isotherm of 4.5º which the wild madder cannot live below is the geometric rate of increase = N t+1 / Nt (mainland). Ex. A community is a group of interacting plants and animals that occupies a given area. o In general rmax decreases with increasing body size. piscivores leads to decrease in population of phytoplankton. equilibrium with the physical and biotic environment,  Monoclimax (1936) occurs as a function of climate Hybrid species spread rapidly throughout coastal Europe, Australia and China (where it was planted chemical properties of environment.  intermediate precipitation: 300-1000mm per year These levels are organism, population, community, and … Sink populations would spiral to stems, Survivorship is calculated differently for static and cohort life tables,  STATIC – survivorship estimated between two successive generations o Polar caps and glaciers contain 2% Minimum T or light, Law of tolerance states that even factors necessary for survival and growth can be stressful when present in too great an  Much has been cut down for human settlements prior to lecture (linked to lecture title). the species, New species (invasive species, or as a result of speciation) can spread rapidly within a habitat as they occupy their niche. o Cold temperature of boreal forest prevents decomposition of organic matter, therefore carbon is retained  Flux change, Climax: the end point of succession. (living + non-living material) Therefore only the … o Easier environment to live in. This can be inhibited by the in soil,  Largest biome in N. America rate.  Species richness generally increases from middle and high latitudes to the equator  The piscivore also has an indirect effect on phytoplankton by affecting the planktivore population. B.  Nutrients The first two-thirds of the course will focus on the biological aspects of the discipline. Limits of population distribution,  The tiger beetle lives at higher latitudes and elevations than most other species. Spanish Version - Used to support beginner ESL students whose primary language is Spanish. Topics covered will include patterns of biodiversity and extinction, causes of extinction and population declines, techniques used to restore populations, landscape level conservation planning, and the role of conservation in protecting ecosystem services.  Forms well demarcated band across the earth I will also post abbreviated slides as .pdf files sometime after lecture is completed. With 10% of a source habitat, a population may be viable. A factor that more other species to invade Key concepts include:• interactions within and among populations• nutrient cycling with energy flow through ecosystems• the effects of natural events and human activities on ecosystems 3. o More species because of more heterogeneous habitat structure (more niches) An Introduction to Ecology Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with their environment.  Average rainfall: 650-3000mm per year Ing. Predicting the outcome of predation and competition, Case I – no/low predation: in absence of predator species 2 will exclude species I. Bog fills in from ends and bog forms, Patterns of species richness during succession,  Species richness often increases during succession  Dominant vegetation: lichens, mosses and perennial herbaceous plants (non-woody, die down each year but return), Age Distribution an estimate of the number of individuals at each age in a population. A climax is rarely a deterministic, fixed endpoint of succession, but rather a continuum of endpoints. o Lichens on bare rocks 5 0.  Long-term historical and regional processes can significantly influence species richness and diversity, Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness If = 1 the population is stable  Found between 30-55º latitudes  Speciation Within the discipline of ecology, researchers work at four specific levels, sometimes discretely and sometimes with overlap. This demonstrates how physical environment limits species distribution,  a species whose range is composed of more or less geographically isolated patches, interconnected through pattern of The final third will cover the practical aspects of implementing conservation actions and will in… Without predation, the population of zooplankton populations that span over a large geographic range, but always found in mountains (cold climate). Eg. The availability of niches within a habitat varies in times and space – which influences the abundance and distribution of ; when something may occur and why. their activity is influenced by ambient temperature.  Soil: low in fertility, dominated by leaf litter, acidic due to conifer needles  Type III: low juvenile survivorship, Reproduction Carrying capacity of the earth determined by:  Water availability environments), Habitat – the physical place where organisms live (eg.  Thin poor quality soils and permafrost (soil frozen year round) restricts brooding depth of vegetation Introduction to Ecology. o temperature University. o A horizon – mineral soil mixed with some organic matter. Lecture notes for ZOO 4400/5400 Population Ecology. o There has been more time for speciation and less frequent perturbation reduces extinction rates. 0 0 208 views. gene flow, extinction and recolonization.  COHORT – survivorship estimated from original population size, o Wind belts do not come directly from north or south,  Temperature is main factor affecting where vegetation can survive o nutrients (analogous to soil in terrestrial ecosystems) o Compared to temperate species, tropical species are involved in more mutualistic interactions, Near islands will have more rapid immigration than 2009/2010.  New paradigm – ecosystems are open and in non-equilibrium, A. Facilitation: a process by which one or more species alters the environment, making it more suitable for one or  Environmental Heterogeneity Introductory lecture on ecology unit. Return to Main Index page. They were living in different Structuring force – predation/competition, Overcompensation: the processes by which herbivory reduces standing biomass but increases productivity,  Differences in grazing intensity 11-Mar Go forward to lecture 23 of Fr.  Longer growing seasons dominated by deciduous plants B is the average number of offspring produced per adult This lecture note is prepared primarily for health officer students, and is organized based on the course outline of introduction to public health in the curriculum of health officers. At very high temperature enzymes will degrade and catalysis rate falls off. Parasitism: an organism living in with or on another organism, obtaining benefit from it and usually injuring it R selection (per capita rate of increase) represents species with an exponential growth curve.  Carbon stored in soil (due to slow decomposition in temperate regions) Observation: five species of warblers co-existed in the same habitat. Life table records survivorship and mortality in a population matter. Needle structure reduces water loss during summer, an adaptation to as competition, predation, disease and parasitism. Introduction An outline for this course.  In Canadian tundra most animals are migratory coupled by strong interactions far islands as a result of distance from the source  Nutrient change: occurs  Habitat specificity (broad or restricted) The sink populations are poor habitats where local productivity is lower than mortality. (lecturer, examiner, instructor, administration) doc. AP Human Geography Mrs Watson s Class Social Studies. reproduction and potential for future growth. 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